奪命快件揭開快遞加盟制硬傷 根源在利潤趨薄
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pill 2013年12月29日,山東廣饒大王鎮居民劉興亮在收到網購的一雙鞋子幾小時后中毒死亡,罪魁禍首是鞋子上的有毒化學液體氟乙酸甲酯。隨后,寄件企業負責人被警方控制,負責收寄、送遞的圓通速遞加盟商被懲處……
“奪命快件”事件的影響仍在發酵,它無疑為中國快遞行業即將落幕的2013年蒙上了一層陰影,陰影之下是快遞行業的嘆息和對未來的擔憂?爝f信息泄露、暴力分揀、“奪命快件”……一宗接一宗的負面消息,讓曾經憑借加盟制快速實現跑馬圈地的民營快遞公司開始反思加盟制的隱憂。
□現狀
加盟點管理難題客觀存在
快遞加盟商一般都是獨立法人,與快遞公司沒有股權關系,基本都是獨立核算、自負盈虧。因此,不管在渠道、管理還是經營等方面,快遞公司總部的管控始終難以到位。
在我國幾大民營快遞企業中,目前除順豐各網點均為直營外,“三通一達”(申通、圓通、中通和韻達)等民營快遞公司的加盟比例均超過50%,有的甚至超過80%!皧Z命快件”事件中,負責收寄、送遞的快遞企業,正是來自圓通速遞旗下的一家加盟商。
一位快遞企業的加盟商向記者介紹了加盟商與快遞企業總部之間的管理模式——加盟商向快遞公司總部至少交四筆費用:面單費(即快遞總部輸出品牌的費用,一般每單交一到兩塊錢)、中轉費(快件運輸的干線網絡平臺、轉運中心等由總部建設,加盟商使用須繳納費用)、管理費(每年交一次,按當年營收額的一定比例上繳)、物料費(由總部統一供給的包裝袋和盒子)。而至于購買車輛、升級生產線、招聘員工、發放工資、開拓客源等工作以及由此帶來的成本,都由加盟商自行負責。在不少地方,有的快遞員本身也是一個小老板或承包商,作為小老板的快遞員向區域加盟商繳納幾十萬至上百萬元不等的承包費后,便可以承包一個區域(如一座寫字樓、一個小區或一片工業區)的業務,使用公司的收發網絡和運轉、分撥中心,做得好的甚至可以自行招人。當然,他們每月還要向上級老板繳納管理費。
在這種加盟承包的情況下,“不得暴力分揀”“必須開箱驗視”等要求要想層層落實,需要總部及各層級有強有力的管控手段!跋啾戎睜I網點,快遞公司總部對加盟商的管控比較松散,因為各加盟商都是獨立法人,基本與快遞公司沒有股權關系,基本都是獨立核算、自負盈虧,不管在渠道、管理還是經營等方面,總部的管控始終難以到位。所以,在客觀上造成了各大民營快遞公司網絡不穩、管理松散、服務質量欠佳等問題!鄙鲜鋈耸扛嬖V記者:“在這方面,直營模式就比較容易管控,比如順豐和EMS,它們的全部網點都是直營的,收件價格由總部統一定,各網點不能打價格戰,快遞員的工資也由總部統一發,所以總部對各網點和一線人員管控很嚴,各環節的操作就比較規范。不過,這也導致其人力成本高企,人力成本就約占順豐總成本的四到五成!
對于國家郵政局在“奪命快件”事發后開展的“開箱驗視”專項整治工作,某“通達系”快遞公司加盟商并不看好!啊_箱驗視’無疑將增加快遞公司的成本,比如設備增加成本、培訓成本、監督成本、人力成本等,但實際上,這些成本最終會被轉嫁給加盟商和網點,而加盟商面臨的經營壓力可能會影響整治效果,整改能否長久持續下去不好說!痹摷用松瘫硎。
□探因問題頻出根源在利潤趨薄
目前我國快遞行業的平均利潤率已經從七八年前的20%下降到現在的3%至5%。也就是說,一單收費10元錢的快遞,快遞公司總部只能賺3到5毛錢。
“加盟網點的財務獨立性使得階段性的價格戰成為近年來快遞業的常態,因此,服務質量下降、各環節操作不規范等現象的根源是快遞業利潤趨薄!笨爝f物流咨詢網首席顧問徐勇表示。據了解,目前我國快遞行業的平均利潤率已經從七八年前的20%下降到現在的3%至5%,也就是說,一單收費10元錢的快遞,快遞公司總部只能賺3到5毛錢,加盟商的利潤率更低。在行業利潤高達20%的年代,許多加盟商都成了億萬富翁,然而近3年來,各快遞公司總部和加盟公司的利潤率都在持續下降,而且降幅很大。
盡管利潤趨薄,但加盟商為了通過業務量的增加來平衡盈利,所以頻打價格戰來搶占市場份額?爝f行業專家趙小敏告訴記者,今年12月,“三通一達”的許多加盟商都陸續下調了快遞價格,一些地方的加盟商甚至打出了“5元快遞”的旗號,“需要注意的是,每年下半年特別是‘雙11’到春節這段時間,都是快遞行業的傳統旺季,在旺季大規模降價的現象可以說是多年來首次出現,這或許意味著民營快遞以往跑馬圈地、盲目擴張的模式已經遇到挑戰,快遞行業已經開始加速洗牌。不排除未來在某一時點會爆發大規模的價格戰和惡性競爭,我認這個時點就在EMS上市以后!
價格戰頻發除了有上述原因,還有快遞行業“資本換市場”的因素。近年來民營快遞業一直高速發展,但國內尚無快遞公司登陸資本市場,所以近兩年來,快遞行業成為各路資本青睞的對象!氨热缫酝吒叨寺肪的順豐,今年11月推出了6-7折的‘電商特惠’服務,這不僅是其細化產品分類的重要動作,也是其獲得融資‘不差錢’以后,對電商快件領域的新一輪進軍!壁w小敏說。公開資料顯示,今年8月,順豐迎來首次融資——元禾控股、招商局集團等以不超過25%的比例聯合入股。
還有許多中小民營快遞企業,在獲得資本后甚至為了搶市場份額而放棄利潤,于是,快遞業在旺季出現“白菜價”也就不難理解了。
□觀察加盟模式存廢爭議難平
有業內人士認為,民營快遞應提高直營網點的比例。但是,收編加盟商之路不會平坦,甚至在快遞企業內部,對加盟制的去留及加盟網點比例是否需要提高也存在分歧。
民營快遞經過幾年的“野蠻生長”,目前已經走到了轉型的十字路口。
有業內人士認為,目前國內民營快遞的轉型主要體現在三方面:一是提高直營網點的比例;二是通過IPO或引入外界資本來加緊融資,這也是提高直營網點比例的必要條件;三是將快件類型細化,豐富產品結構,尤其是要在電商快件的基礎上擴展貨源。不過,每一個轉型都面臨重重困難。
據了解,今年圓通已經聘請立信會計師事務所為其發行股票及上市提供財務審計服務,沖刺IPO;全峰總裁陳加海則稱公司已經將未來三到五年上市的計劃提上日程!皥A通要想上市,提高服務質量是關鍵,因此直營改革勢在必行,否則難以解決網絡不穩、管理松散、服務質量欠佳等問題。與此同時,將加盟網點收編到旗下變成直營網點,也可以為快遞公司資產‘增重’,有利于提高上市估值!笨爝f物流咨詢網首席顧問徐勇表示。
據了解,圓通等民營快遞公司總部對加盟網點的收編主要采取如下方式:淘汰——考核不達標的被直接淘汰或在給予一定賠償的情況下收編;協商——對一些自身愿意轉行或者只是為了轉手賣出加盟資質的加盟網點,直接協商并有償收編;股權置換——快遞公司各地分公司變為獨立法人子公司,子公司與區域加盟商做股權置換。
不過,收編加盟商之路不會平坦,甚至在快遞企業內部,對加盟制的去留及加盟網點比例是否需要提高也存在分歧。今年以來,多家快遞公司在部分地區的加盟商與分公司頻頻發生沖突事件,出現暫停停業、快件積壓甚至動武械斗,都與收編有關。記者采訪獲悉,有的加盟網點判斷當前形勢下被收編不可避免,因此開始千方百計給自己的網點資產“增重”,比如購置、升級設備,以期在與快遞公司討價還價時提高身價。
更有業內人士一針見血地指出:在信息化、標準化、流程化及品牌化都不夠的情況下,民營快遞如果盲目放棄加盟制,追求所謂的全盤直營化管理模式,如何權衡資金鏈問題、稅收問題、人力成本問題、融資渠道問題、信息和運營網絡問題以及建立質控等核心管控體系等問題?
“加盟制是中國快遞業爆發式增長的特殊生態,其實也是中國民營快遞保持持續競爭力的關鍵。我認為‘加盟+直營+股權多元化+品牌代理’的混合網絡組織結構,是當下及未來很長時間內民營快遞的最佳組織業態!壁w小敏說。